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	<video_title>How do bones and teeth grow?</video_title>
	<video_subject_name>Jean-Jacques Hublin | Director, Human Evolution</video_subject_name>
	<video_subject_title>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</video_subject_title>
      <p begin="0:00:00.60" end="0:00:05.54">Bones, of course, are all we have left from ancient humans</p>
      <p begin="0:00:05.57" end="0:00:10.24">and we have to extract from them as much as we can.</p>
      <p begin="0:00:10.28" end="0:00:16.12">Our skeleton is remodeled during our life, at least part of it,</p>
      <p begin="0:00:16.15" end="0:00:24.02">and in other words, <span tts:fontWeight="bold" > </span>we can make, to be very simple, two groups of features:</p>
      <p begin="0:00:24.06" end="0:00:30.63">some features which are mostly indicators of the individual life,</p>
      <p begin="0:00:30.66" end="0:00:35.77">and some of the conditions surrounding this individual development,</p>
      <p begin="0:00:35.80" end="0:00:40.51">and some other features which are much more indicative</p>
      <p begin="0:00:40.54" end="0:00:44.71">of the whole history of the species itself.</p>
      <p begin="0:00:44.75" end="0:00:52.02">To give you an example, if you play tennis a lot, you are going to have your right arm</p>
      <p begin="0:00:52.05" end="0:00:56.66">with a stronger skeleton than your left arm, if you play with your right hand.</p>
      <p begin="0:00:56.69" end="0:01:00.03">But this is not going to change the shape of your teeth,</p>
      <p begin="0:01:00.06" end="0:01:04.53">because your teeth are formed partly even before you are born.</p>
      <p begin="0:01:05.03" end="0:01:11.04">And so far, we don’t see how physical activity, for example,</p>
      <p begin="0:01:11.07" end="0:01:14.17">could have an influence on the shape of the teeth.</p>
      <p begin="0:01:14.21" end="0:01:18.58">The inner ear, a little organ which is at the bottom of our skull</p>
      <p begin="0:01:18.61" end="0:01:26.05">and which allows us to keep our equilibrium and feel movement,</p>
      <p begin="0:01:26.09" end="0:01:32.39">is shaped completely by six months of embryological development.</p>
      <p begin="0:01:32.43" end="0:01:38.50">And again, whatever you do in your life is not going to change the shape of this organ.</p>
      <p begin="0:01:38.53" end="0:01:46.94">So in other words, teeth, or skeleton parts like the inner ear are very important</p>
      <p begin="0:01:46.97" end="0:01:51.45">because they tell us something about the genes that control the skeleton.</p>
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