History
The Exploratorium opened to the public in the fall of 1969. Richard M. Nixon was president, and the Vietnam War and racial tensions continued to divide the nation. Neil Armstrong had just taken humankind’s first walk on the moon, Andy Warhol was creating pop-art images of soup cans, and the hot tub had just been introduced in California. More than 70 million children from the post-war baby boom were becoming teenagers and young adults, and San Francisco had become a nexus for social experimentation. It was the perfect place—and the perfect time—to try out a new way of learning.
Frank Oppenheimer, then 57 years old, had already had three life-shaping careers before coming to San Francisco. A brilliant physicist in his own right, he’d been a university professor and worked beside his brother, J. Robert Oppenheimer (known to some as the “father” of the atomic bomb), on the Manhattan Project of the 1940s. After a short-lived embrace of communism in his youth, Frank was blacklisted from scientific research and teaching during the McCarthy era of the 1950s. He retreated to small-town Colorado and became a cattle rancher. Before long, he found his way back to teaching at a local high school, where he pioneered new approaches to science education.
Considering the richness of his own life experiences, Frank was no typical science teacher. He set aside the textbook and filled his classroom with the hands-on tools and materials that eventually became his trademark and ultimately led him to create the Exploratorium. In 1969, Frank’s dream of transforming science education brought him to San Francisco and to the cavernous—and very empty—Palace of Fine Arts, which was once part of the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco’s Marina District. He poured his heart and soul into his “San Francisco Project,” working alongside the artists, educators, and makers whose job it was to build and maintain Exploratorium exhibits and help visitors use them. He served as the museum’s Director until just before his death in 1985.
The Exploratorium grew enormously from that period, continuing the work Frank set in motion. In 1987, Dr. Robert L. White became the Exploratorium’s Director. At the time, Dr. White was Chairman of Stanford University’s Electrical Engineering Department. He served as Director until 1990. In 1991, renowned French physicist and educator Dr. Goéry Delacôte joined the Exploratorium and served as Executive Director until 2005. Dr. Delacôte worked toward extending the reach of the museum through networking—increasing outreach, expanding professional-development programs for educators, creating an expanded web presence, and supporting the formation of museum partnerships in the United States and abroad.
From 2005 to 2015, the Exploratorium was led by Dr. Dennis Bartels, a nationally known science-education and policy expert. Under his guidance, the museum began a new phase of growth and exploration, including a move, in April 2013, to the current location on Pier 15 along San Francisco’s Embarcadero.
Dr. Bartels was succeeded by Chris Flink, a founding faculty member at Stanford University’s d.school and partner at IDEO for 19 years. Chris expanded the organization’s national and global consulting and collaborations, grew professional-development programs for science teachers in California, and oversaw the Exploratorium’s 50th anniversary celebrations. In 2020 and 2021, he steered the institution through unprecedented challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Today, the Exploratorium is led by Lindsay Bierman. Trained as an architect, he comes to the museum from PBS North Carolina, where, as CEO, he transformed one of the nation’s largest PBS affiliates into a leading-edge regional hub for national content development, digital distribution, K–12 education services, and public safety communications. Previously, he served as Chancellor of the University of North Carolina School of the Arts, one of 17 constituent campuses in the UNC System and home to some of the top-ranked professional training programs in the world.
Today
With a goal of influencing educational policy throughout the country, programs have been designed to make connections between the traditionally separate worlds of formal and informal education: connecting the way science is taught in schools with the way it’s approached in science centers; making rarely-seen scientific research accessible to the public; and providing a venue for scientists and artists to interact directly with live audiences.
Over the past few years, Exploratorium scientists, builders, and educators have pioneered innovative ways to make these connections, working with everyone from researchers at the South Pole and NASA scientists studying the atmosphere of the sun, to playground designers creating immersive experiences for children, to Tibetan monks learning Western science and technology—particularly the Exploratorium’s approach to inquiry-based science and hands-on investigation. While the Exploratorium’s philosophy remains the same, its scope of work has grown enormously over the years.