• Visit
    • Buy Tickets
    • Calendar
    • After Dark Thursdays
    • Exhibits
    • Artworks on View
    • Getting Here
    • Event Rentals
  • Education
    • Professional Development Programs
    • Tools for Teaching and Learning
    • Learning About Learning
    • Community Programs
    • Educator Newsletter
  • Explore
    • Browse by Subject
    • Activities
    • Video
    • Exhibits
    • Apps
    • Blogs
    • Websites
  • About Us
    • Our Story
    • Partnerships
    • Global Collaborations
    • Explore Our Reach
    • Arts at the Exploratorium
    • Contact Us
  • Join + Support
    • Donate today!
    • Membership
    • Join our donor community
    • Engage your business
    • Attend a fundraiser
    • Party at the Piers
    • Explore our reach
    • Thank you to our supporters
    • Host your event
    • Volunteer
  • Store
  • Visit
    • Buy Tickets
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Calendar
      • Today
      • This Week
      • After Dark Thursday Nights
      • Arts
      • Conferences
      • Cinema Arts
      • Free and Community Events
      • Fundraising Events
      • Kids + Families
      • Live Webcasts
      • Members
      • Ongoing + Series
      • Special Hours and Open Mondays
      • Private Event Closures
    • Hours
    • Getting Here
    • Museum Map
    • Reduced Rates & Community Day
    • Accessibility
    • Tips for Visiting with Kids
    • How to Exploratorium
    • Exhibits
    • Tactile Dome
    • Artworks on View
    • Cinema Arts
    • Kanbar Forum
    • Black Box
    • Museum Galleries
      • Bernard and Barbro Osher Gallery 1: Human Phenomena
        • Exhibition: Science of Sharing
          • Educator Activities
        • Tactile Dome
          • 1971 Press Release
        • Black Box
        • Curator Statement
      • Gallery 2: Tinkering
        • Curator Statement
      • Bechtel Gallery 3: Seeing and Listening
        • Curator Statement
      • Gallery 4: Living Systems
        • Curator Statement
      • Gallery 5: Outdoor Exhibits
        • Curator Statement
      • Fisher Bay Observatory Gallery 6: Observing Landscapes
        • Wired Pier Environmental Field Station
        • Curator Statement
      • PlayLists
        • All PlayLists
        • A Different Light
        • “We” or “Just Me”?
        • See Yourself in Cells
        • Greatest Hits: Gallery 2
        • Greatest Hits: Gallery 3
        • Greatest Hits: Gallery 4
        • Museum Map
    • Restaurant & Café
    • School Field Trips
      • Getting Here
        • Bus Routes for Field Trips and Other Groups
      • Prices and Discounts
      • Planning Guide
      • Reservations
        • Field Trip Request Form
      • Resources
    • Groups / Tour Operators
      • Group Visit Request Form
    • Event Rentals
      • COVID-Compliant Options
      • Full Facility & Gallery Bundles
      • Fisher Bay Observatory Gallery & Terrace
      • East Gallery
      • Bechtel Central Gallery
      • Osher West Gallery
      • Kanbar Forum

      • Weddings
      • Proms and School Events
      • Daytime Meetings & Events
      • Happy Hour on the Water

      • Rentals FAQ
      • Event Planning Resources
      • Rental Request Form
      • Download Brochure (pdf)
    • Exploratorium Store
    • Contact Us
    • Español
    • 繁體中文
    • 简体中文
    • 한국어
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • Português
    • 日本語
  • Education
    • Black Teachers and Students Matter
    • Professional Development Programs
      • Teacher Institute
        • About the Teacher Institute
        • Summer Institute for Teachers
        • Teacher Induction Program
        • Leadership Program
        • Teacher Institute Research
        • CA NGSS STEM Conferences
          • NGSS STEM Conference 2020
        • Science Snacks
          • Browse by Subject
          • Special Collections
          • Science Snacks A-Z
          • NGSS Planning Tools
          • Frequently Asked Questions
        • Digital Teaching Boxes
        • Meet the Teacher Institute Staff
        • Resources for Supporting Science Teachers
      • Institute for Inquiry
        • What Is Inquiry?
        • Inquiry-based Science and English Language Development
          • Educators Guide
            • Conceptual Overview
              • Science Talk
              • Science Writing
            • Classroom Video Gallery
              • Magnet Investigation
              • Snail Investigation
            • Teacher Professional Development
            • Project Studies
            • Acknowledgments
          • Conference: Exploring Science and English Language Development
            • Interviews with Participants
            • Plenary Sessions
            • Synthesis, Documentation, and Resources
        • Workshops
          • Participant Portal
          • Fundamentals of Inquiry
            • Summary Schedule
          • BaySci Science Champions Academy
          • Facilitators Guides
          • Commissioned Workshops
        • Resource Library
        • Meet the IFI Staff
      • Resources for California Educators
      • K-12 Science Leader Network
      • Resources for Supporting Science Teachers
      • Field Trip Explainer Program
    • Tools for Teaching and Learning
      • Learning Toolbox
      • Science Snacks
      • Digital Teaching Boxes
      • Science Activities
      • Tinkering Projects
      • Recursos gratuitos para aprender ciencias
      • Videos
      • Exhibits
      • Publications
      • Apps
      • Educator Newsletter
      • Exploratorium Websites
    • Educator Newsletter
    • Advancing Ideas about Learning
      • Visitor Research and Evaluation
        • What we do
        • Reports & Publications
        • Projects
        • Who we are
      • Center for Informal Learning in Schools
    • Community Programs
      • High School Explainer Program
      • Xtech
      • Community Educational Engagement
      • California Tinkering Afterschool Network
        • About
        • Partners
        • Resources
        • News & Updates
        • Further Reading
  • Explore
    • Browse by Subject
      • Arts
      • Astronomy & Space Sciences
        • Planetary Science
        • Space Exploration
      • Biology
        • Anatomy & Physiology
        • Ecology
        • Evolution
        • Genetics
        • Molecular & Cellular Biology
        • Neuroscience
      • Chemistry
        • Combining Matter
        • Food & Cooking
        • Materials & Matter
        • States of Matter
      • Data
        • Data Collection & Analysis
        • Modeling & Simulations
        • Visualization
      • Earth Science
        • Atmosphere
        • Geology
        • Oceans & Water
      • Engineering & Technology
        • Design & Tinkering
        • Real-World Problems & Solutions
      • Environmental Science
        • Global Systems & Cycles
        • Human Impacts
      • History
      • Mathematics
      • Nature of Science
        • Measurement
        • Science as a Process
        • Size & Scale
        • Time
      • Perception
        • Light, Color & Seeing
        • Listening & Hearing
        • Optical Illusions
        • Scent, Smell & Taste
        • Tactile & Touch
      • Physics
        • Electricity & Magnetism
        • Energy
        • Heat & Temperature
        • Light
        • Mechanics
        • Quantum
        • Sound
        • Waves
      • Social Science
        • Culture
        • Language
        • Psychology
        • Sociology
    • Browse by Content Type
      • Activities
      • Blogs
      • Exhibits
      • Video
      • Websites
      • Apps
        • Total Solar Eclipse
  • About Us
    • Our Story
    • Explore Our Reach
    • Impact Report
    • Fact Sheet
    • Awards
    • Our History
      • 50 Years 1969–2019

    • Senior Leadership
    • Board of Trustees
    • Board of Trustees Alumni
    • Staff Scientists
    • Staff Artists

    • Arts at the Exploratorium
      • Artworks on View
      • Artist-in-Residence Program
      • Cinema Arts
        • History and Collection
        • Cinema Artists-in-Residence
        • Resources and Collaborating Organizations
        • Kanbar Forum
      • Center for Art & Inquiry
        • Begin Here
          • Lessons
            • Bob Miller/Light Walk
            • Ruth Asawa/Milk Carton Sculpture
          • Workshops
      • Resonance
        • About the Series
        • See & Hear
        • Past Seasons
      • Over the Water
      • Black Box
      • Upcoming Events
      • Temporary Exhibitions
      • Arts Program Staff
      • Arts Committee and Advisers
    • Teacher Institute
    • Institute for Inquiry
    • Online Engagement
    • Explainer Programs
    • Studio for Public Spaces
    • Exhibit Making
    • Partnerships
      • Building Global Connections
        • Global Collaborations
          • Projects
          • Approach
          • People
          • Impact
      • Partnering with Science Agencies
        • NASA
        • NOAA
      • Partnering with Educational Institutions
      • Osher Fellows

    • Job Opportunities
    • Become a Volunteer

    • Contact Info
    • Newsletter
    • Educator Newsletter
    • Blogs
    • Follow & Share
    • Press Office

    • FY20 Audit Report
    • 990 FY19 Tax Return
    • Use Policy
      • Privacy Policy
      • Intellectual Property Policy
  • Join + Support
    • Donate today!
    • Membership
      • Membership FAQ
      • Member Benefits
      • After Dark Membership
      • Member Events
      • May Is for Members
    • Join our donor community
    • Engage your business
      • Corporate Membership
      • Luminary Partnerships
    • Attend a fundraiser
      • Wonder Funday
      • Science of Cocktails
      • Party at the Piers
        • Event Leadership and Host Committee
    • Explore our reach
    • Thank you to our supporters
    • Volunteer
      • Benefits
      • How to Apply
      • Application for Corporate Groups
      • Application for Internships
      • Application for Professional Societies
      • Application for School Groups & Clubs
      • Our Contract
      • Application for Individuals
      • Opportunities
  • Press Office
    • Press Releases
    • News Coverage
    • Events Calendar
    • Fact Sheet
    • Photographs
    • Press Video
    • Press Kits
    • Press Visits
    • Exploratorium Logos
    • Recent Awards
    • Praise for the Exploratorium
    • Join Our Press List
  • Store
 

Learn with us online while the Exploratorium is temporarily closed. You can help us reopen—donate today.

Exploratorium
Exploratorium
  • Visit
    • Buy Tickets
    • Calendar
    • After Dark Thursdays
    • Exhibits
    • Artworks on View
    • Getting Here
    • Event Rentals
  • Education
    • Professional Development Programs
    • Tools for Teaching and Learning
    • Learning About Learning
    • Community Programs
    • Educator Newsletter
  • Explore
    • Browse by Subject
    • Activities
    • Video
    • Exhibits
    • Apps
    • Blogs
    • Websites
  • About Us
    • Our Story
    • Partnerships
    • Global Collaborations
    • Explore Our Reach
    • Arts at the Exploratorium
    • Contact Us
  • Join + Support
    • Donate today!
    • Membership
    • Join our donor community
    • Engage your business
    • Attend a fundraiser
    • Party at the Piers
    • Explore our reach
    • Thank you to our supporters
    • Host your event
    • Volunteer
  • Store
Science Snacks
Science activity that explores the relationship between the temperature and volume of a given amount of gas

Sizing Up Temperature

Explore Charles’s Law—in a syringe.

Discover the relationship between the temperature and volume of a given amount of gas.


Grade Bands: 
6-8
9-12
Subject: 
Chemistry
States of Matter
Data
Data Collection & Analysis
Mathematics
Nature of Science
Measurement
Physics
Heat & Temperature
Keywords: 
gas
temperature
graph
NGSS and EP&Cs: 
PS
PS1
PS3
ETS
ETS1
CCCs
Cause and Effect
Scale, Proportion, and Quantity
Systems and System Models
Energy And Matter

  • Facebook logo
  • Reddit logo
  • Twitter logo


Tools and Materials

  • Five beakers or glass cups (only 3 shown)
  • Water (not shown)
  • Microwave or heat block (not shown)
  • Ice (not shown)
  • Food coloring
  • Plastic disposable syringe (10 ml volume works well)
  • Thermometer
  • Notepaper and pencil (not shown)
  • Graph paper (not shown)

Assembly

  1. Prepare four beakers with four different temperatures of water—some warmer and some cooler than room temperature. You can use the ice to create cool-water samples and the microwave to heat warm-water samples. Label them “hot,” “warm,” “cool,” and “cold,” just to help you keep track.
  2. Fill the last beaker with room-temperature water and label it “room temp.” Add a few drops of food coloring to the room-temperature water to better visualize the movement of fluid in the syringe.

To Do and Notice

Move the plunger on the syringe so that one third of the barrel is full of room-temperature air.

Submerge the syringe tip into the room-temperature water. Draw up the colored water until the end of the plunger is at the maximum-volume marking on the syringe.

On a piece of notepaper, record the volume of air trapped in the barrel by subtracting the volume of the water in the syringe from the maximum volume of the syringe. Then record the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius.

Quickly transfer the syringe into a beaker filled with water of a different temperature (either heated in a microwave or cooled with ice), making sure that the barrel is fully submerged. Hold the syringe upright so the water blocks the opening at the tip and the air is trapped inside.

Wait a few minutes for the air trapped in the barrel to come to the temperature of the water. You will know that the temperature has reached equilibrium when the water level in the syringe stops moving. This means the temperature of the gas and liquid inside the syringe is the same as the temperature of the water in the beaker. When stabilized, record the temperature of the water in the beaker and the corresponding volume of air. (Note: If the water level in the syringe ever gets so low that gas bubbles come out, you’ll have to start over with less air!)

Repeat the process of transferring the syringe into the other three beakers until you have volume and temperature data for at least five different temperatures. Reheat or re-cool any beaker-water samples that have become room temperature.

Finally, in order to avoid dealing with negative temperatures (which can occur on the Celsius or Fahrenheit scales), convert your Celsius (°C) temperature data to the Kelvin (K) scale by adding 273:

Temp (K) = Temp (°C) + 273

Plot the points for each volume (ml) and temperature (K) on a Cartesian graph. Do you notice a trend?


What’s Going On?

Charles’s Law states that, at a fixed pressure, the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature. This means that if the temperature of a gas increases, its volume should as well.

By leaving an air gap in the syringe barrel, you trapped a fixed amount of gas. Initially, the system is balanced, and water will not move in or out of the syringe unless there’s a new force. When the trapped air increases or decreases in volume due to a change in temperature, water acts as a piston, moving in or out through the tip until the pressure is equalized.

You should have noticed that the volume of air in the syringe barrel changed when you brought it to a different temperature. By plotting volume versus temperature on a graph, you may also have noticed that the points tend to line up along a straight line. You could represent the equation of the line as V = kT, where V is the volume, T is the temperature, and k is a constant (the slope of the line). This is the mathematical representation of Charles’s Law.

Charles’s Law can be combined with Boyle’s Law (which relates pressure, P, and volume, V), Gay-Lussac’s Law (which relates temperature, T, and pressure, P), and Avogadro’s law (which relates volume, V, and the amount of gas in moles, n) to form the ideal gas law: pV = nRT.



Related Snacks

Science activity that demonstrates the kinetic behavior of gas
Gas Model

A fun way to visualize gas molecules in constant motion.


Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Attribution: Exploratorium Teacher Institute

  • Education
    • Teacher Institute
    • Tools for Teaching and Learning
      • Science Snacks
        • Browse by Subject
        • Special Collections
        • Science Snacks A-Z
        • NGSS Planning Tools
        • Frequently Asked Questions

Connect with us!

  •   Sign up for our educator newsletter
  •   Follow #ExploEDU
  •   Teacher Institute YouTube
  •   Teacher Institute Facebook
  •  teacherinstitute @exploratorium.edu
Exploratorium
Visit
Join
Give

Pier 15
(Embarcadero at Green Street)
San Francisco, CA 94111
(415) 528-4444

Contact Us

  • Plan Your Visit
  • Buy Tickets
  • Hours
  • Getting Here
  • Calendar
  • Tactile Dome
  • Store
  • About Us
  • Become a Member
  • Donate
  • Event Rentals
  • Jobs
  • Volunteer
  • Press Office

Get at-home activities and learning tools delivered straight to your inbox

The Exploratorium is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Our tax ID #: 94-1696494
© 2021 Exploratorium | Terms of Service | Privacy Policy | Your California Privacy Rights |