Pipes of Pan

1. Cut and tape the cardboard or plastic tubing to create six tubes of varying lengths. For example, you could make tubes that are 1/2 foot, 1 foot, 1 1/2 feet, 2 feet, 2 1/2 feet, and 3 feet (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm, respectively). If you are using 11-inch paper towel tubes, you can keep things simple by taping whole and half sections together to create pieces that are 1/2 tube, 1 tube, 1 1/2 tubes, 2 tubes, 2 1/2 tubes, and 3 tubes in length.
2. Use hot glue to attach the tubes to the board in order of size, as shown in the photo above.

Listen through each tube and compare the sounds you hear. (This activity works best in a room with a fair amount of background noise.)

The background noise in a room is a mixture of many sounds with different pitches. Normally, these pitches blend, but you can separate them by listening through different tubes. Notice that you hear high-pitched sounds in the shorter tubes and low-pitched sounds in the longer tubes. Which tubes give the loudest sounds? Which give the softest sounds?

Listen to how the sounds change as you move your ear up against the end of the pipe, so that the end is actually sealed off by your ear.

Most of the sounds we hear are mixtures of many different frequencies. For example, at any one time, you may be hearing the sounds of voices, traffic, pigeons, wind, machinery, and your own footsteps. Each of these sources itself consists of a range of frequencies.

Pipes of Pan uses the principle of resonance to separate sound into individual frequency components. Any object has a frequency or set of frequencies, called its natural frequencies, at which it “likes” to vibrate. For example, a pendulum swinging by itself, with no pushing, will always oscillate at the same frequency. You can change this natural frequency by changing the length of the pendulum. In fact, an object’s natural frequency, in general, depends on its size: The bigger it is, the more slowly it tends to vibrate.

In this Snack, the “object” that’s vibrating is the air inside the tubes. The longer the column of air in the tube, the more slowly it tends to vibrate. Because each tube has a different length, it selects out a different set of frequencies from the mishmash of background noise, and ignores the other frequencies. When you put your ear to the longest tube, you hear the lowest frequencies; when you listen to the shortest tube, you hear the highest frequencies, and so on.

When you close off one end of the tube with your ear, the resonant frequencies become even lower. The lowest resonant frequency of a tube closed at one end is half that of the same-length tube open at both ends. An explanation of why this is so is beyond the scope of what we can reasonably include here, but it is commonly covered in many high school and college physics texts.

Pan pipes—the ancient musical instrument used worldwide—also consist of an array of tubes of different lengths. The air inside these pipes is set into motion by blowing into the pipes, instead of by nearby sound sources. (Otherwise they wouldn’t play very loudly!) The Exploratorium’s full-sized Pipes of Pan exhibit could also be played this way—but only by a 30-foot-tall piper!

Organ pipes are also an array of different-sized tubes. Air is blown into these pipes, causing them to produce sounds. All aerophones (woodwinds and brass instruments) operate on the same principle: They are single tubes whose length can be changed by a musician using valves, slides, or keys.

Your ear contains a resonant tube as well—open on the outside and closed on the inside by the eardrum. The resonances of this tube affect the range of sounds you can hear.